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Interplanetary Seeding

Planetary seeding, or astrobiological terraforming, involves introducing microbial life to extraterrestrial environments to enhance habitability. Scientific principles underpinning this process include extremophilism, the study of organisms thriving in extreme conditions, and astrobiology, which examines the potential for life beyond Earth. Microbes such as tardigrades and certain bacterial spores demonstrate resilience to radiation, desiccation, and temperature extremes, making them suitable candidates for space travel...

Answer Timer: 15:00

In the highlighted paragraph, which microbial organisms are mentioned as being resilient to extreme space conditions?

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2:31
TESTSCafe
Reading Timer: 02:31
TOEFL

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.

Some companies in the power industry are aware of this wider possibility and are planning sizable wind-farm projects in states other than California.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. In 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in clusters called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. Most were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state's electricity, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Fransico). In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting the wind potential of just three states – North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas.

TESTSCafe

Understanding Braess' Paradox is crucial for future infrastructure development as it reveals the counterintuitive dynamics of traffic flow and network efficiency. This paradox demonstrates that adding routes can lead to increased congestion, undermining the intended benefits of expansion. For instance, studies indicate that in urban environments, a 10% increase in road capacity can paradoxically result in a 15% rise in travel times. As cities grapple with rising populations—projected to reach 68% of the global population by 2050—strategic planning must incorporate insights from Braess' Paradox to optimize transportation networks, ensuring sustainable mobility and minimizing congestion-related economic losses.

Answer Timer: 34:49

In light of these findings, it becomes imperative for urban planners to adopt a nuanced approach that prioritizes innovative traffic management strategies over mere infrastructure expansion.

Where would be the most suitable place for this sentence?

Task 2

Test ID 2025-07-09 • July 20, 2025
Part Two, Speaking
Score

2 / 4

Question: Emily shares her perspective. Summarize her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding it.

Your answer

At first, Emily's perspective was opposed to Mike's, as she mentioned that imposing and building a new cafe for students might actually mean that some people would lose the jobs due to the fact that students will not go to cafes that are around the campus but go to the cafe that was built by the university for such occasions, for social gatherings, and also some job application possibilities for students themselves in order to get more involved into adult life and workplaces. But yet, she was actually positive about it, as after Mike suggested that it might cause more job creation and also some local products in other shops.

Correct answer

Emily initially opposed the idea of the student-run café because she believed it might harm local businesses by diverting students away from nearby cafes. However, she acknowledged the potential benefits for students, such as gaining work experience and fostering a campus community. After considering Mike's points about job creation and community engagement, she became more supportive, appreciating the notion of including local cafes to supply ingredients and host events, thus reducing competitive threats.

Correct answer explanation

The student's response partially addresses the task by mentioning Emily's initial opposition due to concerns about job loss and later acceptance following Mike's suggestions. However, the summary lacks clarity and structure, making it somewhat difficult to follow. The student did not clearly articulate Emily's perspectives and reasons, particularly the integration of local cafes to mitigate competition concerns, and misinterprets Mike's role in the response. Delivery is inconsistent with awkward phrasing, and the language use reflects limited vocabulary and grammar usage that affects clarity. The response misses some key elements of Emily's opinion from the dialogue, leading to an incomplete answer.
Extracts

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Task 1

Test ID 2025-07-09 • July 20, 2025
Part One, Writing
Score

2 / 5

Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific points made in the reading passage.

Your answer

The theme of the lecture centers on the remarkable contributions of Avicenna, a Persian polymath, to the field of medicine and his enduring influence on medical science. Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina, is best known for his seminal work The Canon of Medicine, a comprehensive text that laid the foundation for modern medical practices. The lecture emphasizes his pioneering use of clinical observation and experimentation, which contributed to the development of the scientific method in medicine. Avicenna’s holistic approach to healthcare—treating the mind and body as interconnected—was revolutionary for his time. He recognized the importance of hygiene, environmental factors, and the physician-patient relationship, all of which remain relevant in contemporary medical ethics. The lecture also highlights his advanced understanding of diseases, mental health, and pharmacology, including his classification of drugs and their effects. Avicenna’s work transcended cultural boundaries, influencing European medical education for centuries after being translated into Latin. His integration of philosophy and medicine further illustrates the depth of his intellectual legacy. Overall, the lecture portrays Avicenna as a visionary thinker whose principles of evidence-based diagnosis, compassionate care, and scientific inquiry continue to shape modern medical thought and practice.

Correct answer

The lecture elaborates on how Avicenna's principles are applied in modern medicine, reinforcing the reading passage's points. It highlights Avicenna's holistic approach, seen today when physicians consider lifestyle and environmental factors in patient consultations. The reading mentions Avicenna's emphasis on the physician-patient relationship, which the lecture echoes by illustrating collaborative treatment planning. Furthermore, the lecture discusses infection control, reflecting Avicenna's early ideas on contagion mentioned in the reading. Overall, the lecture presents Avicenna’s enduring influence on today's medical practices, confirming and expanding upon the reading’s points on his contributions.

Correct answer explanation

The student's response provides a broad summary of Avicenna's contributions as discussed in the reading passage but fails to directly address the lecture's specific points or how they respond to the reading. The lecture discusses how Avicenna's principles are applied in modern medicine, such as holistic patient consultations, the physician-patient relationship, and the understanding of infectious diseases. The student needs to focus on exemplifying how the lecture highlights current medical practices influenced by Avicenna, directly linking them to the reading passage's discussion of his ideas.
Extracts

Reading passage

Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina, was a Persian polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, especially medicine. Born in 980 CE in present-day Uzbekistan, he is often regarded as one of the most influential philosophers and physicians of the Islamic Golden Age. Avicenna's most notable work, 'The Canon of Medicine,' is considered one of the foundational texts in the history of medicine. This comprehensive encyclopedia covers various aspects of medical knowledge, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. In the 'Canon,' Avicenna emphasized the importance of clinical observation and experimentation, laying the groundwork for the scientific method in medicine. His approach was holistic, considering the mind and body as interconnected, and he advocated for the treatment of the whole person rather than just the symptoms of a disease. Avicenna also introduced the concept of contagious diseases, which was a revolutionary idea at the time. He discussed the importance of hygiene and the environment in relation to health, emphasizing that clean surroundings contribute to well-being. His work included detailed descriptions of various diseases, including fevers, infections, and mental health conditions, showcasing his advanced understanding of human health. Avicenna's influence extended beyond the Islamic world; his texts were translated into Latin and became standard references in European medical schools for centuries. His philosophical writings also integrated Aristotelian thought with Islamic teachings, influencing later thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas. Avicenna's method of diagnosis involved careful observation of symptoms and a systematic approach to treatment, which included herbal remedies, dietary recommendations, and surgical procedures. He recognized the importance of the physician-patient relationship and the need for empathy and understanding in medical practice. Furthermore, Avicenna's contributions to pharmacology, particularly his classification of drugs and their uses, were significant advancements in the field. He also explored the effects of various substances on the human body, providing insights that are still relevant in modern medicine. His work on optics and vision contributed to the understanding of eye diseases and their treatment. Avicenna's legacy in medicine is profound; he is often referred to as the 'father of modern medicine' due to his pioneering contributions and lasting impact on medical education and practice. His emphasis on observation and evidence-based approaches set a precedent that continues to influence the field today. Even in contemporary medical ethics, Avicenna's ideas about the moral responsibilities of physicians resonate, highlighting the importance of integrity and compassion in healthcare.

Lecture

In a modern medical setting, the principles established by Avicenna can be seen in action during patient consultations. A physician might begin by taking a detailed medical history, asking about the patient's symptoms, lifestyle, and environmental factors, reflecting Avicenna's holistic approach. For instance, if a patient presents with chronic headaches, the physician would not only inquire about the frequency and intensity of the pain but also explore the patient's stress levels, sleep patterns, and dietary habits. This comprehensive assessment echoes Avicenna's belief in the interconnectedness of mind and body. Following the history-taking, the physician would conduct a thorough physical examination, observing any signs that may indicate underlying conditions. Utilizing diagnostic tools, such as blood tests or imaging studies, the physician would gather evidence to support a diagnosis, aligning with Avicenna's emphasis on clinical observation. Once a diagnosis is established, the physician would discuss treatment options with the patient, ensuring that the chosen methods are in line with the patient's preferences and values. This collaborative approach mirrors Avicenna's ideas about the importance of the physician-patient relationship. If the treatment includes medication, the physician would explain the rationale behind the choice, referencing the pharmacological knowledge that Avicenna contributed to the field. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, such as stress management techniques or dietary changes, would be recommended to support the patient's overall health. In cases where mental health issues are identified, the physician might suggest counseling or therapy, recognizing the significance of mental well-being in physical health, a concept Avicenna championed. Throughout this process, the physician would maintain open communication, encouraging the patient to share their concerns and questions. This practice fosters a trusting relationship, which is crucial for effective treatment outcomes. Avicenna's influence can also be observed in the way medical professionals approach infectious diseases today. For example, if a patient presents with symptoms indicative of an infection, the physician would consider factors such as recent travel history or exposure to sick individuals, reflecting Avicenna's early understanding of contagion. Infection control measures, such as recommending vaccinations or hygiene practices, would be discussed to prevent the spread of illness, further demonstrating Avicenna's principles in action. In summary, the legacy of Avicenna continues to shape modern medical practice, where a holistic, patient-centered approach is paramount. His contributions to medical theory and practice serve as a foundation upon which contemporary medicine builds its understanding of health and disease.

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